 |
 GLI Pro 800S 3800 Watt Rack Mount Pro Audio DJ Stereo Power Amplifier + USB SD $149.95 Time Remaining: 16d 9h 55m Buy It Now for only: $149.95 |
 GLI PRO CX 750 CROSSOVER $74.99 Time Remaining: 3d 16h 6m |
 Gli Pro Eq 2100S 2 Channel 42 Band DJ Graphic Equalizer Rack Mount Silver $64.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 48m Buy It Now for only: $64.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 7Y 4000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier With USB SD Input $164.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 29m Buy It Now for only: $164.95 |
 GLI PRO PVX9000 10000 WATT POWER AMPLIFIER DJ RACK AMP $284.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 30m Buy It Now for only: $284.95 |
 GLI Pro 600S 2600 Watt Rack Mount DJ Stereo Power Amplifier Amp + USB SD Inputs $129.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 41m Buy It Now for only: $129.95 |
 Pair GLI Pro XL 850 8 600 Watt 8 Ohms DJ Speakers $79.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 45m Buy It Now for only: $79.95 |
 Gli Pro PVX 2500 2500 Watt 2 Channel Bridgable Power Amplifier DJ Amp PVX2500 $154.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 6m Buy It Now for only: $154.95 |
 4 GLI PRO PRO XL21280 Dual 12 800 Watts Each Powerful DJ PA Speaker Systems $469.00 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 44m Buy It Now for only: $469.00 |
 New GLI PRO GLX 3990 3 Channel DJ Mixer W USB Input $44.95 Time Remaining: 9d 14h 11m Buy It Now for only: $44.95 |
 GLI PRO X JAM15 15 2000 Watt DJ Active Powered PA Speaker System 25Voice Coil $215.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 8m Buy It Now for only: $215.95 |
 GLI PRO XJAM8A 8 2 WAY POWERED PA SPEAKER CABINET NEW $109.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 41m Buy It Now for only: $109.95 |
 GLI PRO 15 POWERED SPEAKER+iPOD DOCK USB SD EQ+REMOTE $259.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 46m Buy It Now for only: $259.95 |
 Pair GLI PRO XX1510 Dual 15 1200 Watt DJ PA Speakers With Loud and Deep Bass $377.95 Time Remaining: 29d 10h 43m Buy It Now for only: $377.95 |
 GLI PRO XL21280 Dual 12 800 Watt DJ PA Speaker Tower System $124.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 3m Buy It Now for only: $124.95 |
 NEW GLI PRO 1U RACK DB DECIBEL MONITOR+8 POWER OUTLETS $64.95 Time Remaining: 16d 9h 55m Buy It Now for only: $64.95 |
 GLI PRO $149.00 Time Remaining: 29d 18h 47m Buy It Now for only: $149.00 |
 GLI Pro XA5500 3500 Watt Power Amplifier DJ Pro Audio Stereo 2U Rack Mount Amp $169.95 Time Remaining: 12d 14h 2m Buy It Now for only: $169.95 |
 GLI PRO XL1880 18 800 Watt 7 Way PA Speaker With Oversized Horn $169.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 36m Buy It Now for only: $169.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 5R 3000 Watt 2 Channel Power Amplifier DJ Amp w Output Level Meters $149.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 40m Buy It Now for only: $149.95 |
 GLI PRO XL21080 Dual 10 800W Professional PA Speaker System Great Quality $109.95 Time Remaining: 1h 35m Buy It Now for only: $109.95 |
 GLI PRO PRO 15USB 15 1500 Watt DJ Active Powered USB Speaker 2 Way $249.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 46m Buy It Now for only: $249.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 7B 4000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier With USB SD Input $164.95 Time Remaining: 7d 17h 23m Buy It Now for only: $164.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 9 5000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier With USB SD Inputs $194.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 15m Buy It Now for only: $194.95 |
 GLI PRO X JAM15 15 2000 Watt DJ Active Powered PA Speaker System 25Voice Coil $239.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 47m Buy It Now for only: $239.95 |
 Pair GLI PRO PRO XL1240 12 800 Watt DJ Speakers With 3 Tweeters and Horns $167.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 2m Buy It Now for only: $167.95 |
 NEW GLI PRO SL 2500 DIRECT DRIVE TURNTABLE S TONEARM $169.95 Time Remaining: 8d 14h 7m Buy It Now for only: $169.95 |
 GLI Pro XA3300 2500 Watt 2 Channel Power Amplifier DJ 2U AMP $154.95 Time Remaining: 18d 14h 12m Buy It Now for only: $154.95 |
 GLI Pro PRO 15USB 15 3000 Watt DJ Active Powered USB Speakers 2 Way $489.00 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 48m Buy It Now for only: $489.00 |
 2 GLI PRO XL1880 18 1600 Watt 7 Way PA Speakers With Oversized Horns $334.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 25m Buy It Now for only: $334.95 |
 Gli Pro PVX5000 5000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgable Power Amplifier DJ Rack Amp $224.95 Time Remaining: 13h 50m Buy It Now for only: $224.95 |
 GLI PRO 15 POWERED SPEAKER+iPOD DOCK+REMOTE+USB STICK $270.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 48m Buy It Now for only: $270.95 |
 Gli Pro 2000 Watt Hybrid Professional RCX5000USB $199.95 Time Remaining: 23d 13h 35m Buy It Now for only: $199.95 |
 4 GLI PRO ZX 18200 18 4800 Watt Raw DJ Subwoofers SUBS $339.95 Time Remaining: 16d 9h 55m Buy It Now for only: $339.95 |
 GLI PRO XX1510 Dual 15 1200W Professional PA DJ Speaker System $189.95 Time Remaining: 29d 19h 59m Buy It Now for only: $189.95 |
 GLI pro digital dual 42 band amplifier sistem $0.99 Time Remaining: 8d 21h 15m |
 Gli Pro PVX3500 3500 Watt 2 Channel Bridgable Power Amplifier DJ Rack Amp $179.95 Time Remaining: 17d 14h 54m Buy It Now for only: $179.95 |
 2 GLI PRO X JAM15 15 2000 Watt DJ Active Powered PA Speaker Systems $464.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 46m Buy It Now for only: $464.95 |
 GLI PRO PRO 15USB 15 1500 Watt DJ Active Powered USB Speaker + USB Stick $260.95 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 49m Buy It Now for only: $260.95 |
 GLI PRO PVX3000 3000 WATT POWER AMPLIFIER DJ RACK AMP $169.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 19m Buy It Now for only: $169.95 |
 GLI Pro XL 850 8 300 Watt 8 Ohms DJ Speaker $54.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 30m Buy It Now for only: $54.95 |
 GLI PRO XL1540 15 1000 Watt PA Speaker System w 15 Sub+XXL Piezo Horn High End $109.95 Time Remaining: 4d 11h 11m Buy It Now for only: $109.95 |
 GLI Pro XPA 5B 3000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier With USB SD $149.95 Time Remaining: 18d 14h Buy It Now for only: $149.95 |
 Gli Pro PVX2000 2000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgable Power Amplifier DJ Rack Amp $144.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 1m Buy It Now for only: $144.95 |
 2 GLI PRO XTX12 12 Foot XLR Male To XLR Female Microphone Cables $23.95 Time Remaining: 28d 14h 44m Buy It Now for only: $23.95 |
 Pair of GLI PRO XL21280 Dual 12 1600W DJ PA Speaker Systems Combo Package $243.90 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 42m Buy It Now for only: $243.90 |
 Pair Of GLI Pro SL 2500 Direct Drive Professional Turntables S Tonearms $324.95 Time Remaining: 16d 9h 54m Buy It Now for only: $324.95 |
 GLI PRO XL1895 18 1000 Watt Passive PA DJ Speaker Monitor $189.95 Time Remaining: 11d 15h 30m Buy It Now for only: $189.95 |
 Pair of GLI PRO XL1540 15 1000W PA Speaker Systems w 15 Subs+XXL Piezo Horns $204.95 Time Remaining: 18d 14h 6m Buy It Now for only: $204.95 |
 GLI Pro PRO 15USB 15 3000 Watt DJ Active Powered USB Speakers + USB Drive $500.00 Time Remaining: 29d 12h 44m Buy It Now for only: $500.00 |
 GLI PRO TX 6600RM Professional AM FM Digital Radio Tuner W Remote + Rack Mount $94.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 17m Buy It Now for only: $94.95 |
 Gli Pro XA8800 4000 Watt DJ Pro Sound Stereo Power Amplifier 3U Rack Mount Amp $214.95 Time Remaining: 13h 58m Buy It Now for only: $214.95 |
 GLI Pro XL1240 12 400W PA Speaker System 12 Subwoofer 3Tweeters Piezo horn $96.95 Time Remaining: 16d 9h 56m Buy It Now for only: $96.95 |
 GLI PRO 12 FOOT 16 GAUGE SPEAKON TO SPEAKON PRO CABLE $12.95 Time Remaining: 28d 15h 14m Buy It Now for only: $12.95 |
 2 GLI PRO ZX18200 18 2400 Watt DJ Raw Subwoofers Subs 200 OZ Magnet $173.95 Time Remaining: 16d 10h 6m Buy It Now for only: $173.95 |
 GLI PRO XPA 7 4000 WATT DJ POWER AMPLIFIER + USB STICK $175.95 Time Remaining: 7d 17h 29m Buy It Now for only: $175.95 |
 2 GLI PRO JTJ12 12 FT 16 GAUGE 1 4 TS MALE TO MALE PRO DJ SPEAKER CABLE JTJ $22.95 Time Remaining: 16d 23h 25m Buy It Now for only: $22.95 |
 GLI PRO 12 FOOT XLR MALE TO FEMALE MICROPHONE CABLE $12.95 Time Remaining: 28d 14h 26m Buy It Now for only: $12.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 5B 3000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier + 8GB USB Drive $160.95 Time Remaining: 20d 14h 22m Buy It Now for only: $160.95 |
 GLI PRO JTJ12 12 FT 16 GAUGE 1 4 TS MALE TO MALE PRO DJ SPEAKER CABLE JTJ 12 $12.95 Time Remaining: 7d 20h 29m Buy It Now for only: $12.95 |
 Pair 2 GLI PRO SL 2100 Belt Drive DJ Turntables S Tonearms $224.95 Time Remaining: 11d 15h 32m Buy It Now for only: $224.95 |
 Pair 2 GLI PRO XL1895 18 1000 Watt Passive PA DJ Speaker Monitors $374.95 Time Remaining: 11d 14h 14m Buy It Now for only: $374.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 7Y 4000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier + 8 GB USB Drive $175.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 45m Buy It Now for only: $175.95 |
 Gli Pro Xpa 9 5000 Watt 2 Channel Bridgeable Power Amplifier + 8GB USB Drive $205.95 Time Remaining: 10d 13h 36m Buy It Now for only: $205.95 |
 GLI Pro DC8800 DJ Dual CD Player Cue Pitch Bend Loop Pitch Control $149.95 Time Remaining: 21d 20h 18m Buy It Now for only: $149.95 |
 GLI PRO SL 2100 Belt Drive DJ Turntables S Tonearms $119.95 Time Remaining: 11d 14h 22m Buy It Now for only: $119.95 |
 4 GLI Pro JTJ12 12 Foot 1 4 TS Male To Male 16 AWG Pro Speaker Cables JTJ $42.95 Time Remaining: 16d 23h 32m Buy It Now for only: $42.95 |
 GLi Pro PVX 2000 Professional Power Amplifier High Definition $599.00 Time Remaining: 6d 19h 33m Buy It Now for only: $599.00 |
Gli Pro
Substance P, Analogs and Fragments
Definition
Substance P (SP) an undecapeptide, is abundant both in the periphery and in the CNS, where it is usually co-localised with one of the classical neurotransmitters, most commonly serotonin (5- HT) 1.
Related Peptides
SP belongs to a family of neuropeptides known as tachykinins that share the common C-terminal sequence: Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. The three most common tachykinins are SP, neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB); their biologic actions are mediated through specific cell-surface receptors designated NK1, NK2, and NK3, with SP the preferred agonist for NK1 receptors, NKA for NK2 receptors, and NKB for NK3 receptors 2.
Discovery
SP was originally discovered in 1931 by von Euler and Gaddum as a tissue extract that caused intestinal contraction in vitro; its biologic actions and tissue distribution were further investigated over subsequent decades 3.
Structural Characteristics
SP is an 11-residue neuropeptide with the sequence Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Glin-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2) 4. In a study, the C- and N-terminal fragments of SP were compared to the parent molecule with respect to their ability to: (a) contract the isolated guinea pig ileum, (b) induce salivation in the rat, (c) excite single cat dorsal horn neurones, and (d) induce scratching by intracranial injections in mice. C-terminal fragments as small as the heptapeptide were potent SP agonists on all assay systems. C-terminal fragments containing five amino acids or less were, at most, only weakly active. N-terminal fragments were totally inactive on the isolated guinea pig ileum. On the rat salivation and central nervous system assays, however, N-terminal fragments were capable of weak SP-like activity 5. The results obtained, indicated that while the carboxy terminal of SP is essential for peptide bronchoactivity, loss of amino terminal peptides (up to four residues) actually enhances bronchoconstrictor responses to the peptide. Part of this enhancement appears to result from differences in the enzymatic degradation of SP and SP5-11. The data suggest that cleavage of SP by dipeptidyl aminopeptidases could enhance its bioactivity 6. SP analogs: Senktide (succinyl-[Asp6,Me-Phe8]SP-(6-11)), a selective analog for the NK-3 (SP-N) receptor, is 20-100 times more potent than SP and about 1000-fold more potent than the selective analogs for the NK-1 (SP-P) receptor, which resides on muscle cells 7. Effects of five SP analogs on the licking, biting and scratching response induced by neurokinin (NK) 1 receptor agonists such as SP, physalaemin and (p-Glu6,Pro9)-SP (6-11) (septide) were studied after intrathecal injections in mice. Peptide brought about a SP-like behavioral response, and was approximately 25 times more potent than the D-Pro9 analog, D-septide. Septide-induced response was significantly reduced by lower doses of (D-Arg1, D-Pro2,4, D-Phe7, D-His9, Leu11)-SP than (D- Phe7, D-His9, Leu11)-SP (6-11). In contrast, (D-Arg1, D-Pro2,4, D-Phe7, D-His9)-SP (0.5-1.0 nmol) and (D-Phe7, D-His9)-SP (6-11) (0.5-2.0 nmol) inhibited only SP-induced behavioral response, but not physalaemin- or septide-induced response. The results of this study indicate that NK-1 receptor agonists are not necessarily affected to a same degree by SP analogs containing D-His 8. Analogues of substance P, [D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D-Trp7,9,Leu11] SP (SpD) and [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8]substance P can inhibit neuropeptide-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, tyrosine phosphorylation, and ERK activation . Crucially, SpD and [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8] SP inhibit SCLC cell growth in vivo and in vitro and stimulate SCLC cell apoptosis. SP analogues were characterized originally as "broad spectrum neuropeptide antagonists" 9.
Mode of Action
The SP receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, in many respects similar to other well-studied receptors in psychiatry, particularly monoamine receptors 2. The interaction of SP with its receptor activates Gq, which in turn activates phospholipase C to break down phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 acts on specific receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release intracellular stores of Ca2+, while DAG acts via protein kinase C to open L-type calcium channels in the plasma membrane. The rise in intracellular [Ca2+] induces the tissue response. With an array of actions as diverse as that seen with SP, there is scope for numerous therapeutic possibilities 10.
Functions
In the central nervous system, SP is associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity and pain. In the digestive tract, SP, along with some other tachykinins, are neurotransmitters that regulate motor activity, secretion of ions and fluid, as well as vascular functions 11, 12.
About the Author
Bio-Synthesis Inc. a leading provider for Custom Antibody, Custom Peptide Synthesis, Custom siRNA Synthesis, Organic Laboratory Technique, Antibiotic Peptides.
My son is interested in buying a Volkswagen Jetta. Are there any model years or styles he should avoid?
My son has his heart set on a manual-transmission, used Jetta, costing less than $12,000. I know that they come in a variety of styles (GLI, GLS, etc), but don't know the advantages of any of them. Could you share your knowlege regarding safety, reliability, parts repair/expense, gas mileage,,, He is getting out of a no-win situation with an Audi and we haven't been able to persuade him to buy American or Asian. Aarrrgh! Anyway, I would appreciate any Jetta pros and cons you can pass along. Thank you!
I set off on a similar quest in 2000 and ended up with a new 2001 VW Golf GL TDI. The Jetta has the same platform and shares most of the same parts as the Golf except for body panels. Essentially the same car but sightly heavier. I still drive my Golf every day and have accumulated 212000 miles on it. I do much of the routine maintenance myself. It is expensive to have a dealer do the simple things (I think that's why the term "stealership" is used.). My car has been plagued with broken plastic things like cup holders, glove box door, window cranks and engine belly pan but engine, transmission and suspension components have held up well. My car is the diesel with manual trans. It smokes, stinks and coughs up blood on cold morning starts but I put up with it because of the mileage. I've documented 56.8 mpg for a full tank but mostly it's in the 48 - 52 mpg range. The gasser models get reasonalbe mileage but don't compare to the diesels. Overall I think the VW Jetta is a reasonable choice but like you, I think a Toyota or Honda might be more reliable. I have been driving for 52 years and I now own my third and last VW. Good luck with your deliberations.
My GLi Pro SL-2500 Turntable, "Frankencart" And 175 45s